Journal: Bioengineered

Article Title: Identification and validation of potential novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987089

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. ROC curve analyses. The x-axis indicated specificity and y-axis indicated sensitivity. (a) GDF15. (b) MCSF. (c) I309. (d) MMP3. (f) CTACK. (e) AXL. (g) The combination of these six proteins.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, the cells incubated with antibodies against GDF15 (# bs-3818 R, Bioss, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA), MMP3 (# bs-0413 R, Bioss), AXL (# bs-5180 R, Bioss), MCSF, I309 (# bs10,710 R, Bioss) and CTACK (#bs-20,466 R, Bioss) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques:

Journal: Bioengineered

Article Title: Identification and validation of potential novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987089

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier analysis in TCGA dataset. (a) Risk score distribution, survival overview, and hierarchical clustering for OSCC patients in TCGA cohort. (b) The overall survival curves of the GDF15 high expression and low expression groups in TCGA cohort.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, the cells incubated with antibodies against GDF15 (# bs-3818 R, Bioss, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA), MMP3 (# bs-0413 R, Bioss), AXL (# bs-5180 R, Bioss), MCSF, I309 (# bs10,710 R, Bioss) and CTACK (#bs-20,466 R, Bioss) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Bioengineered

Article Title: Identification and validation of potential novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987089

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Correlation analysis in TCGA dataset. (a) MMP3. (b) AXL. (c) MCSF. (d) I309. (e) CTACK. The X axis represents the expression distribution of GDF15, and the Y axis ordinate

Article Snippet: Subsequently, the cells incubated with antibodies against GDF15 (# bs-3818 R, Bioss, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA), MMP3 (# bs-0413 R, Bioss), AXL (# bs-5180 R, Bioss), MCSF, I309 (# bs10,710 R, Bioss) and CTACK (#bs-20,466 R, Bioss) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Bioengineered

Article Title: Identification and validation of potential novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987089

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. Western blot of key proteins in HSC-3 and HaCaT cells. The expression level of GDF15, MCSF, I309, MMP3, CTACK and AXL was detected by western blotting and its quantification in HSC-3 and HaCaT cells.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, the cells incubated with antibodies against GDF15 (# bs-3818 R, Bioss, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA), MMP3 (# bs-0413 R, Bioss), AXL (# bs-5180 R, Bioss), MCSF, I309 (# bs10,710 R, Bioss) and CTACK (#bs-20,466 R, Bioss) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Bioengineered

Article Title: Identification and validation of potential novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987089

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 10. Western blot of key proteins in OSCC nude mouse. The expression level of GDF15, MCSF, I309, MMP3, CTACK and AXL was detected by western blotting and its quantification in OSCC nude mouse tumor tissue and normal tissue.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, the cells incubated with antibodies against GDF15 (# bs-3818 R, Bioss, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA), MMP3 (# bs-0413 R, Bioss), AXL (# bs-5180 R, Bioss), MCSF, I309 (# bs10,710 R, Bioss) and CTACK (#bs-20,466 R, Bioss) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Article Title: GDF15 is an epithelial-derived biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00062.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Genes encoding secreted proteins that are transcriptionally upregulated in senescent murine type II alveolar epithelial cells

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight from the following sources: GDF15 (G-5, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; recognizes proGDF15), and GAPDH (FL-335, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Migration

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Article Title: GDF15 is an epithelial-derived biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00062.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth and differentiation factor 15 ( Gdf15 ) is upregulated in response to telomere dysfunction. A : schematic of our analysis strategy for identifying secreted proteins from transcriptional profiling data. Transcriptional data were obtained as described previously . Differentially upregulated genes that were also annotated as secreted proteins are identified. B : quantitative real-time PCR for Gdf15 from sorted type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s) from Trf2 Fl/+ Sftpc-CreER (control) and Trf2 Fl/Fl Sftpc-CreER (senescent) AEC2s. Cells were sorted 10 days after treatment with tamoxifen based on green fluorescent protein expression from mTmG reporter allele . Gene expression was normalized to Hprt and B2m . C : representative images of RNA in situ hybridization staining for Gdf15 from mouse lungs 6 wk after treatment with tamoxifen showing AEC2-specific expression of Gdf15 . AEC2s were identified by expression of the Sftpc transcript. Scale bar is 50 µM. D : quantitation of the colocalization of Gdf15 and Sftpc transcripts ( n = 4 mice per group). E : bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts from mice treated with 2 µg of GDF15. GDF15 or sterile saline was instilled directly into the lungs and the bronchoalveolar lavage was collected thereafter at the indicated times. Total viable cells were quantitated by trypan blue staining, and a differential count was performed on >100 cells. Values are means and standard deviation (SD). Student’s t test (two-tailed) was used to compare groups.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight from the following sources: GDF15 (G-5, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; recognizes proGDF15), and GAPDH (FL-335, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control, Expressing, Gene Expression, RNA In Situ Hybridization, Staining, Quantitation Assay, Sterility, Saline, Standard Deviation, Two Tailed Test

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Article Title: GDF15 is an epithelial-derived biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00062.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bleomycin induces expression of growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). A and B : quantitative ELISA of GDF15 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL; A ) and plasma ( B ) from mice treated with intratracheal bleomycin or saline. Mice were treated on day 0 , and groups of 6–7 mice (at least 3 male and 3 female at each time point) were harvested at the indicated time points. C : representative RNA in situ hybridization of day 3 lungs showing alveolar expression of Gdf15 . D : quantitation of colocalization of Sftpc and Gdf15 transcripts in RNA in situ hybridization staining. Values are means and SD. Student’s t test (two-tailed) was used to compare groups. **** P < 0.0001, *** P < 0.001, and ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight from the following sources: GDF15 (G-5, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; recognizes proGDF15), and GAPDH (FL-335, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Saline, RNA In Situ Hybridization, Quantitation Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Article Title: GDF15 is an epithelial-derived biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00062.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is expressed by honeycomb cyst epithelial cells. A : representative photomicrographs from three independent donor and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs. Slides were stained for GDF15 (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin. GDF15 expression is present in macrophages from healthy lungs (arrowheads) but rarely in epithelial cells. In contrast, GDF15 expression was abundant in epithelial cells (arrows) and macrophages in fibrotic lungs. Scale bar in micrographs is 2 mm and 100 μm in insets . B : GDF15 RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) in donor and IPF lungs showing epithelial-specific expression of GDF15 . Scale bar is 100 μm. C : Western blot of whole lung lysate from donor and IPF lungs for proGDF15 and GAPDH as a load control. D : quantitation of proGDF15 in Western blot in C . Values are means and SD. Student’s t test, two tailed was used for comparison in D . IHC, immunohistochemistry.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight from the following sources: GDF15 (G-5, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; recognizes proGDF15), and GAPDH (FL-335, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, RNA In Situ Hybridization, Western Blot, Control, Quantitation Assay, Two Tailed Test, Comparison, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Article Title: GDF15 is an epithelial-derived biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00062.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and identifies high-risk patients. A–C : plasma levels of GDF15 in three cohorts of controls and IPF patients. GDF15 was measured using Luminex assay in cohort 1 ( A ) and ELISA in cohorts 2 and 3 ( B and C , respectively). Values are means and SD. D and E : Kaplan-Meier graph showing the proportion of patients who were alive or transplant free as a function of time. IPF patients were split into two groups based on GDF15 level. Patients from the upper quartile were compared with the lower three quartiles. Age-adjusted P values are from Cox regression analysis. Comparisons in A , B , and C used Welch’s t test, two tailed.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight from the following sources: GDF15 (G-5, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; recognizes proGDF15), and GAPDH (FL-335, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Clinical Proteomics, Luminex, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Article Title: GDF15 is an epithelial-derived biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00062.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical characteristics and correlation between plasma GDF15 and pulmonary function in patients with IPF

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked and incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight from the following sources: GDF15 (G-5, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; recognizes proGDF15), and GAPDH (FL-335, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Luminex, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Dual-responsive nanoparticles targeting ACE-II senescence for therapeutic mitigation of acute lung injury.

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03382-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5 scRNA-seq Combined with Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Potential Molecular Mechanism of GDF15 Involvement in ALI. Note: (A) The flowchart for screening GDF15 downstream pathways and targets by integrating scRNA-seq with proteomics analysis; (B) Volcano plot depicting differentially ex pressed marker genes in AT2 cells; (C-D) Enrichment analysis results of differentially expressed marker genes in AT2 cells for Gene Ontology (GO) (C) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (D). Larger circles represent a higher number of enriched genes, with colors ranging from red to blue indicating decreasing P.adjusted values, and thicker lines denote pairwise similarity where thicker lines signify higher similarity and vice versa; (E) Volcano plot showing differentially expressed proteins from proteomic analysis; (F-G) Enrichment analysis results for the top 50 differentially expressed proteins in AT2 cells for GO (F) and KEGG pathways (G), where larger circles represent a greater number of enriched genes, and colors from red to blue represent decreasing P.adjusted values; (H) Co-expression heatmap of GDF15 and SIRT1 proteins in the treatment group; (I) Violin plot depicting the differential expression of GDF15 and SIRT1 proteins in proteomic analysis, *** denotes p < 0.001, with 6 untreated and 6 treated samples; (J) Scatter plot showing the correlation between the expressions of GDF15 and SIRT1 proteins, *** denotes p < 0.001, with 6 untreated and 6 treated samples

Article Snippet: The PVDF membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder for 1 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with primary antibodies against GDF15 (rabbit; 1:5000, 27455-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), SIRT1 (rabbit; 1:3000, 13161-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), p-AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2535, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2532, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), MTCO1 (rabbit; 1:1000, ab203912, Abcam, UK), ATP5A (rabbit; 1:1000, ab176569, Abcam, UK), ATF5 (rabbit; 1:2000, ab184923, Abcam, UK), ClpP (rabbit; 1:1000, 15698-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), Lonp1 (rabbit; 1:1000, 15440-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), HSP60 (rabbit; 1:1000, 4870, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), and βactin (rabbit; 1:1000, ab8226, Abcam, UK).

Techniques: Marker, Expressing, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: Journal of nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Dual-responsive nanoparticles targeting ACE-II senescence for therapeutic mitigation of acute lung injury.

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03382-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6 Regulation of AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway Proteins and Cellular Senescence Factors in Lung Tissues of ALI Mice by NPs. Note: (A) Western blot detection of GDF15 and AMPK/SIT1 signaling pathway proteins in lung tissues of ALI mice in each group; (B-D) Protein expression statistics of GDF15 (B) and SIRT1 (C) in each group, and p-AMPK/AMPK (D) statistical graph; (E-H) RT-qPCR detection of mRNA expression of senescence-related factors Cdkn2a (E), Cdkn1a (F), IL-8 (G), and Mmp9 (H) in each group; (I) Immunofluorescent colocalization detection of ACE-II cell senescence in lung tissues of each group, where red represents Cdkn2a and green represents ABCA3, Scale bars = 20 μm. Each group consisted of 6 mice. * indicates p < 0.05 compared to the Normal group, # indicates p < 0.05 compared to the Model group, & indicates p < 0.05 compared to the GNPs group

Article Snippet: The PVDF membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder for 1 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with primary antibodies against GDF15 (rabbit; 1:5000, 27455-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), SIRT1 (rabbit; 1:3000, 13161-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), p-AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2535, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2532, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), MTCO1 (rabbit; 1:1000, ab203912, Abcam, UK), ATP5A (rabbit; 1:1000, ab176569, Abcam, UK), ATF5 (rabbit; 1:2000, ab184923, Abcam, UK), ClpP (rabbit; 1:1000, 15698-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), Lonp1 (rabbit; 1:1000, 15440-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), HSP60 (rabbit; 1:1000, 4870, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), and βactin (rabbit; 1:1000, ab8226, Abcam, UK).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Journal of nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Dual-responsive nanoparticles targeting ACE-II senescence for therapeutic mitigation of acute lung injury.

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03382-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7 Regulation of AMPK/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway Proteins and Cellular Senescence Factors in Primary ACE-II Cells Induced by LPS in the Presence of NPs. Note: (A) LDH activity assay in primary ACE-II cells in each group; (B-C) ELISA detection of IL-1β (B) and IL-6 (C) levels in the supernatant of each cell group; (D) Western blot analysis of GDF15 and AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway proteins in primary ACE-II cells in each group; (E-G) Statistical analysis of GDF15 (E) and SIRT1 (F) protein expression and p-AMPK/AMPK (G) in each group; (H) Cellular senescence detection in each group of primary ACE-II cells via SA-βGal staining, Scale bars = 50 μm; (I-L) RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA expression of senescence-related factors Cdkn2a (I), Cdkn1a (J), IL-8 (K), and Mmp9 (L) in each group. (M) Measurement of JC-1 levels in each group. JC-1 aggregates (red) indicate normal mitochondrial membrane potential, while JC-1 monomers (green) indicate depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. (N) Measurement of cell cycle changes in each group. Cell experiments were repeated 3 times, * indicates p < 0.05 compared to the Control group, # indicates p < 0.05 compared to the LPS group, & indicates p < 0.05 compared to the GNPs group

Article Snippet: The PVDF membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder for 1 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with primary antibodies against GDF15 (rabbit; 1:5000, 27455-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), SIRT1 (rabbit; 1:3000, 13161-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), p-AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2535, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2532, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), MTCO1 (rabbit; 1:1000, ab203912, Abcam, UK), ATP5A (rabbit; 1:1000, ab176569, Abcam, UK), ATF5 (rabbit; 1:2000, ab184923, Abcam, UK), ClpP (rabbit; 1:1000, 15698-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), Lonp1 (rabbit; 1:1000, 15440-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), HSP60 (rabbit; 1:1000, 4870, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), and βactin (rabbit; 1:1000, ab8226, Abcam, UK).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Membrane, Control

Journal: Journal of nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Dual-responsive nanoparticles targeting ACE-II senescence for therapeutic mitigation of acute lung injury.

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03382-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 10 Molecular Mechanism Schematic of GDF15 Delivered by GNPsanti−SP−C Mediating the Regulation of UPRmt via the AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway Affecting ACE-II Cell Senescence in ALI Mice

Article Snippet: The PVDF membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder for 1 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with primary antibodies against GDF15 (rabbit; 1:5000, 27455-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), SIRT1 (rabbit; 1:3000, 13161-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), p-AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2535, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), AMPK (rabbit; 1:1000, 2532, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), MTCO1 (rabbit; 1:1000, ab203912, Abcam, UK), ATP5A (rabbit; 1:1000, ab176569, Abcam, UK), ATF5 (rabbit; 1:2000, ab184923, Abcam, UK), ClpP (rabbit; 1:1000, 15698-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), Lonp1 (rabbit; 1:1000, 15440-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), HSP60 (rabbit; 1:1000, 4870, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), and βactin (rabbit; 1:1000, ab8226, Abcam, UK).

Techniques:

Journal: Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

Article Title: HER2 Activation Factors in Arsenite-Exposed Bladder Epithelial Cells.

doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy202

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig.2 Comparison of EGF, TGFα, NRG1, E-cad and sE-cad protein levels in SV-HUC-1 cells among different

Article Snippet: Antibodies against Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) were purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China), and that against neuregulin1 (NRG1) was the product of Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A List of non-cachexia NSCLC lines with wild-type STK11/LKB1 and cachexia NSCLC lines with mutant STK11/LKB1 from which tumors and serum have been obtained from previous work when lines were xenotransplanted in vivo . B – H Tumors were harvested, pooled and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR for human GDF15 ( B , E ) and mouse ( C , H ) Gdf15 mRNA normalized to β-actin. Serum was subjected to the human ( D – F ) or mouse ( G , H ) GDF15 ELISA as described in Methods. Data are shown as mean ± SEM ( B – D , G ) or as a scatter plot ( E , F , H ) or relative to the average non-cachexia cohort ( B , C , E , H ) or the actual measurements ( D , F , G ). P was calculated based on unpaired 2-tailed t test ( B and C ) or 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test ( D and G ), or from linear regression of GDF15 mRNA levels with serum GDF15 level ( E , F , H ). n.s. not significant. 6 replicates for each point except n = 4 for H411, n = 3 for HCC15, n = 3 for H1944, n = 5 for H1573. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Mutagenesis, In Vivo, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A – M Chow-fed 13-week-old NOD/SCID male mice ( n = 6 per group) were injected s.c. with 200 μl PBS in the absence or presence of 1 ×10 7 cells from parental H1573, H1573 ΔGFP , or H1573 ΔGDF15 lines as described in Methods. Tumor cells before injection (cells) and tumors at sacrifice (tumor) were processed for immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibody, and the samples derive from the same experiment but different gels for GDF15 and Actin ( A ). Longitudinal or endpoint measurements of tumor volume ( B ), tumor weight ( C ), food intake ( G ), body weight ( H ), tumor-free body weight ( I ), fat mass ( J ), lean mass ( K ), tumor-free lean mass ( L ), and forelimb grip strength ( M ) were obtained as described in Methods. Serum at sacrifice was subjected to the human GDF15 ( D ), mouse GDF15 ( E ) or mouse leptin ( F ) ELISA as described in Methods. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( B , C – G , M ) or relative to their day 0 values ( H – L ). P was calculated using 1-way ( C – G , I , L , M ) or 2-way ( B , H , J , K ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the H1573 ΔGDF15 cohort. n.s. not significant; M = GDF15 mature protein; P = GDF15 proprotein. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Injection, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A – J NOD/SCID mice were treated as described in Fig. ( n = 6 per group). Mice were sacrificed with epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) ( A ), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) ( B ), gastrocnemius muscle ( F ), and quadriceps muscle ( G ) weighed. eWAT and gastrocnemius muscle were harvested and processed for H&E ( C ) or Laminin ( H ) staining, respectively (scale bar 100 μm). Subsequently, measurements of adipocyte area ( D , E ) ( n = 4) and myocyte ( H , I ) ( n = 3 for PBS, n = 4 for H1573, n = 5 for H1573 ΔGFP and H1573 ΔGDF15 ) cross-sectional area were obtained. Gastrocnemius muscle was harvested and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mouse mRNA levels of the indicated genes ( n = 6 for non-tumor bearing mice group, n = 5 for tumor bearing mice group) ( J ). Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( A , B , D , F , G , and I ), or as scattered plots with regression line and 95% confidence interval of relative values ( J ). P was calculated using 1-way ( A , B , D – G , I ) followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the H1573 ΔGDF15 cohort. P was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients, two-tailed ( J ). n.s. not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Comparison, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A – N Chow-fed 11–12-week-old NOD/SCID male mice ( n = 9 per group) were injected to left lung with 30 µl of 25% growth factor reduced Matrigel in dye-free RPMI medium in the absence or presence of 1 ×10 6 cells from H1573 ΔGFP , or H1573 ΔGDF15 lines as described in Methods. Longitudinal or endpoint measurements of tumor area ( A , B ), food intake ( E ), body weight ( F ), fat mass ( G ), lean mass ( H ), or forelimb grip strength ( I ) were obtained as described in Methods. Serum at sacrifice was subjected to the human ( C ) or mouse ( D ) GDF15 ELISA as described in Methods. Indicated muscles ( J ) or fat pads ( M ) were weighed. eWAT and gastrocnemius muscle were harvested and processed for H&E or Laminin staining, respectively ( L ) (scale bar 100 μm). Subsequently, measurements of myocyte ( K ) and adipocyte ( N ) cross-sectional area were obtained ( n = 6 for non-tumor bearing mice group, n = 8 for H1573 ΔGFP , n = 7 for H1573 ΔGDF15 ). Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( B , C – E , I – K , M , N ) or relative to their day 0 values ( F – H ). P was calculated using 1-way ( B – E , I – K , M , N ) or 2-way ( F – H ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the H1573 ΔGDF15 cohort. n.s. not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Injection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Muscles, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A – P Chow-fed 12-13-week-old NOD/SCID male mice ( n = 6) were injected s.c. with 200 μl PBS containing 1 ×10 7 cells from parental H1573 human NSCLC line on day 0. A – G Starting on day 7 or day 15 ( H – P ), mice were injected with s.c. 150 μl PBS in the absence or presence of 10 mg/kg IgG or GDF15 antibody weekly. Longitudinal or endpoint measurements of tumor volume ( B , I ), tumor weight ( C , J ), tumor-free body weight ( E , L ), fat mass ( G , M ), tumor-free lean mass ( F , O ), eWAT weight ( N ), and Gastrocnemius weight ( P ) were obtained as described in Methods. Serum at sacrifice was processed for human GDF15 ELISA ( D , K ) as described in Methods. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( B – D , I – K , N , P ) or relative to their day 0 values ( E – G , L – M , O ). P was calculated using 1-way ( C – F , J – L , N – P ) or 2-way ( B , G , I and M ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the GDF15 antibody cohort. n.s. not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Injection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A – N Chow-fed 13-week-old NOD/SCID male mice ( n = 6 per group) were injected s.c. with 200 μl PBS in the absence or presence of 1 × 10 7 cells from parental H2122, H2122 ΔGFP , or H2122 ΔGDF15 lines as described in Methods. Tumor cells before injection (cells) and tumors at sacrifice (tumors) were processed for immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibody, and the samples derive from the same experiment but different gels for GDF15 and Actin ( A ). Longitudinal or endpoint measurements of tumor volume ( B ), tumor weight ( C ), food intake ( F ), tumor-free body weight ( G ), tumor-free lean mass ( H ), or fat mass ( K ) were obtained as described in Methods. At sacrifice, serum was subjected to the human ( D ) or mouse ( E ) GDF15 ELISA and gastrocnemius muscle and epididymal white adipose tissue were harvested and processed for Laminin ( I ) or H&E ( L ) staining, respectively (scale bar 100 μm). Subsequently, measurements of myocyte ( J ) ( n = 4 for non-tumor bearing mice group, n = 4 parental for H2122 and H2122 ΔGFP , n = 5 for H2122 ΔGDF15 ) and adipocyte ( M , N ) cross-sectional area from 3 mice per cohort were obtained as described in Methods. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( B – F , J , M , N ) or relative to their day 0 values ( G , H , K ). P was calculated using 1-way ( C – H , J , M , N ) or 2-way ( B , K ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the H2122 ΔGDF15 cohort. n.s. not significant; M = GDF15 mature protein; P = GDF15 proprotein. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Injection, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A – J Chow-fed 12-week-old C57BL6J male mice ( n = 6) were injected s.c. with 200 μl PBS containing in the absence or presence of 1 ×10 6 cells from the mouse NSCLC KP or KPL lines on day 0 followed by weekly injections of 150 μl PBS in the absence or presence of 10 mg/kg IgG or GDF15 antibody. Longitudinal or endpoint measurements of tumor volume ( A ), tumor weight ( B ), food intake ( C ), tumor-free body weight ( D ), fat mass ( E ), and tumor-free lean mass ( H ) were obtained as described in Methods. At sacrifice, eWAT and gastrocnemius were harvested and processed for H&E ( F ) or Laminin ( I ) staining, respectively (scale bar 100 μm). Subsequently, measurements of adipocyte cross-sectional area ( G ) ( n = 4 mice) and myocyte ( J ) cross-sectional area ( n = 4 for KP, n = 3 for KPL tumor bearing mice without treatment, and n = 4 for KPL tumor bearing mice treated with IgG or GDF15 antibody) were obtained. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( A – D , G and J ) or relative to their day 0 values ( D – E , H ). P was calculated using 1-way ( B – D , G , H , J ) or 2-way ( A and E ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the KPL + GDF15 antibody cohorts. n.s. not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Injection, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Cancer cachexia in STK11/LKB1 -mutated non-small cell lung cancer is dependent on tumor-secreted GDF15

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68702-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B Expression and secretion of GDF15 from patient-derived NSCLC cell line reconstituted with wild-type STK11/LKB1 . Parental H1437, H1437 CTL , or H1437 STK11 cells were harvested ( A , J ) or incubated with medium D in the presence of 0.01–10 mM glucose followed by harvesting ( B ). D - I Effect of STK11/LKB1 reconstitution on cachexia phenotype. Chow-fed 15-week-old NOD/SCID male mice ( n = 6 per group) were injected s.c. with 200 μl PBS in the absence or presence of 1 × 10 7 cells from parental H1437, H1437 CTL , H1437 STK11 , or another H1437 STK11 monoclonal line as described in Methods. Longitudinal or endpoint measurements of tumor volume ( D ), food intake ( F ), tumor-free body weight ( G ), fat mass ( H ), or tumor-free lean mass ( I ) were obtained as described in Methods. Tumors at sacrifice were processed for immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibody as described in Methods ( C ). At sacrifice, serum was subjected to the human GDF15 ELISA as described in Methods ( E ). H1437 CTL , or H1437 STK11 cells stably expressed control vector or human GDF15-3xFlag protein, or parental H1437, H1437 ∆GFP or H1437 ∆ATF4 were harvested ( K , M ) or incubated with medium D in the presence of 10 mM or 0.1 mM glucose followed by harvesting ( L ). Medium and cell lysate were subjected to immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibody or quantitative RT-PCR with indicated primer, respectively as described in Methods. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of the actual measurements ( D – F ) or relative to day 0 values ( G – I ) or values relative to control group ( J , M ). Samples for quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression were from 3 biological replicates per group ( J , M ). P was calculated using 1-way ( E – G , I – J , M ) or 2-way ( D , H ) ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test for significant differences from the H1437 parental cohort. n.s. not significant; M = GDF15 mature protein; P = GDF15 proprotein. The samples derive from the same experiment but different gels for different antibodies ( A – C , K , L ). Experiment was repeated at least 3 times with similar results ( A – C ). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The antibody against GDF15 (Pfizer murine analog to ponsegromab) used in our subsequent studies is reported to neutralize both human and murine orthologs .

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Incubation, Injection, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Stable Transfection, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Gene Expression, Comparison

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Mutant GDF15 presents a poor prognostic outcome for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of GF15 mutations in the different domains in the 17 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Article Snippet: Briefly, sections were incubated with the rabbit polyclonal antibody against GDF15 (1:100) (Abcam, UK) overnight at 4°C and visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) detection kit (Dako Cytomation, Denmark) containing goat secondary antibody molecules against rabbit immunoglobulin and DAB chromogen.

Techniques:

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Mutant GDF15 presents a poor prognostic outcome for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Baseline characteristics and missense GDF15 mutations in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Article Snippet: Briefly, sections were incubated with the rabbit polyclonal antibody against GDF15 (1:100) (Abcam, UK) overnight at 4°C and visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) detection kit (Dako Cytomation, Denmark) containing goat secondary antibody molecules against rabbit immunoglobulin and DAB chromogen.

Techniques:

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Mutant GDF15 presents a poor prognostic outcome for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Multivariate Cox model analysis with missense GDF15 mutation and TNM staging as well as their interaction analysis

Article Snippet: Briefly, sections were incubated with the rabbit polyclonal antibody against GDF15 (1:100) (Abcam, UK) overnight at 4°C and visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) detection kit (Dako Cytomation, Denmark) containing goat secondary antibody molecules against rabbit immunoglobulin and DAB chromogen.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Mutant GDF15 presents a poor prognostic outcome for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation between TP53/GDF15 mutation and GDF15 protein expression

Article Snippet: Briefly, sections were incubated with the rabbit polyclonal antibody against GDF15 (1:100) (Abcam, UK) overnight at 4°C and visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) detection kit (Dako Cytomation, Denmark) containing goat secondary antibody molecules against rabbit immunoglobulin and DAB chromogen.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Expressing, Staining